Botany Bay Trip Report — or Scaring Ourselves in Kogarah Bay

Originally published on Sydney RAID Facebook Group 26 February 2017. Above image from video by Peter Green.

I got there a bit late (about as late as if I’d been perfectly on time, and then idiotically got stuck in the lane that took me into the M5 tunnel westbound, necessitating a U-turn through a Kingsgrove petrol station, with a boat trailer and a second trip through the tunnel – but only about that late).

The wind was approaching 20 knots straight down the runway, which is next to the launching ramp. There is also a narrow and very long channel from the boat ramp to the bay proper, which being parallel to the runway was directly into the wind. We decided it all looked a bit dicey, and moved to the ramp at the head of Kogarah Bay, which we hoped would be more sheltered.

This ramp had a strong onshore breeze and no beach (just rocks) at high tide, but the tide was falling and by the time our boats were set up it had fallen enough to expose a small (1 boat) beach, so we were able to get both boats clear of the shore with some juggling of positions.

I rowed out and tried to do my clever Ness Boat trick of centring the mizzen and rudder while I got the main sail up, but the wind was so strong that while I did this the boat was reversing neatly downwind at a rate of knots.

Once the sail was up there was some spirited tacking to windward. This is the first time in years that I’ve sailed without any ballast. I’ve had up to 100kg of lead ingots under the floorboards, although for the last few years it’s been 50kg. The lack of that 50kg certainly makes a difference in the feel of the boat – more dinghy like and quite quick to get the rail down to the water. Although it’s quick to heel it seems to firm up as it approaches the point of swamping. I really had to hike, which I haven’t had to do in a long time. Around this time Peter was nearby and observed that my boat was “more gentlemanly”, which was far from what I was thinking, but at least I must have looked more in control than I felt.

I discovered with the increased activity that the new(ish) rowlock blocks protrude into my back at exactly the point where I need to sit, and the little motorbike seat replacing the thwart was getting in the way of my moving around (mysterious source of near permanent marks on front of shins discovered). I was going to re-do the rowlock blocks anyway after Kevin’s remarks a few weeks back about how quickly they’d break in a proper RAID rowing situation, so I have another reason to change them.

After one or two moments where I was nearly overpowered moving up the bay, I decided to go to my first reef. In retrospect I should have gone for another reef – I remember that in the early days of the boat pre-ballast I often sailed with several of them in. As the bay curved south east the wind seemed to get even stronger.

As I got towards the point at the south end of Todd Park I went to tack, and found that I couldn’t get around fast enough onto the other tack, even with the mizzen slacked right off. The third time I tried it (with an audience of amused power-boat types watching from a nearby and rapidly approaching jetty) I tried my other trick of using the mizzen like an airplane rudder, forcefully wrestling it downwind to try and force the prow around onto the other tack. As I did this the boat started to blow backwards very quickly, and the rudder was forced over 90º bulldozing water out of its path, yanking the tiller and tiller extension outboard.

I’m sure my enthralled audience were expecting an imminent impact with the sea wall next to their jetty. To thwart them and save the boat I lurched leeward to grab the tiller out of the water, coming very close to putting the lee gunwale under the water — in which case we would have taken on water instantly as the prow had come around sort-of onto the new tack in the course of all of this and the boat was moving sideways through the water.

Retrieving the tiller, I was able to finally get the boat moving on the new tack. I said something like “fun and games!” to the people on the jetty, who I’m sure could hear a damn thing I was saying with all the wind.

I caught up with Peter on the east side of the bay near the marina, and agreed via slightly frantic hand signals that we had been intrepid enough and we should head back to the ramp.

Not wanting to risk a gybe while heading downwind, I applied another Ness Boat trick which I will call the “coward run”. I centrered the mizzen and rudder, bolted forward and lowered the main. Returning to the tiller I eased the mizzen and let the boat fall away downwind, where it ran in proper gentlemanly fashion almost as fast as I’d been sailing upwind, but on mizzen alone. I found that by easing the snotter (my mizzen has a sprit boom, the snotter relaxes tension in the boom allowing the sail to fill more) it got faster — I noted I was overtaking small waves. Here was a Ness Boat trick that worked.

Peter was back at the now larger beach before me. As I approached the beach I got the centreboard and rudder up, got the oars ready, folded up the mizzen (I can’t explain how that works, you need to see it – t was an accidental discovery when I was re-rigging it once, and it’s sort of cool). I came in to the beach gently with an oar out on one side to assist. It was near low tide and the beach looked clear, but just a few metres off the beach the skeg struck a submerged rock, which got through the paint to the wood but otherwise did no damage.

Peter had his own conundrums coming back. Without a mizzen or deeper reefs he didn’t have a way to depower his boat. In the end he let his sail partly down and let the boom out, which seemed to work but I’ll let Peter describe it more if he wants to. In the wind I think both boats would have had steerage way under bare poles.

Fun and Games!

Myall Lakes Sailing and Camping — Day Three

A map of the Bombah Broadwater, slightly water damaged.

I think my main feeling on waking up for the second time, in a tent I had carried to a camp site by sailing boat, through sometimes adverse conditions, was relief. This was firstly due to the fact that I had certainly slept better than I had on the first night, that this in turn meant I would be safe to drive back to Sydney later that day, and finally that the plan was to drive back to Sydney later that day. Don’t get me wrong — this was not an outright recoiling from the dinghy cruising lifestyle, but a prudent response to the prospect of even worse weather, and the rapidly diminishing number of undamaged fingers I could use to pack up camp, sail boats and drive cars with.

The tent, ground sheet and dry bag setup had made it through the wet night with flying colours, and my plan of weighing down the camp chair with the water container so that it didn’t blow away seemed to have worked, as the chair was still there. I have failed to mention up to this point that I had bought two quick–drying camping towels at Ray’s Outdoors, with the idea that one would be dry–ish, and the other wet. Through poor towel logistics, I had managed to leave each of them on the camp chair during a period of rain, so they were now both sopping wet. I spread them and the tent fly on some nearby low bushes to try and dry them out, as I knew they would not be aired until I was back in Sydney. I repeated the previous day’s porridge and fruit salad breakfast, and made a coffee that I forgot to drink until it was quite cool. I remember wondering if I really needed a kettle as well as a folding–handle saucepan. If I boiled water in the saucepan and poured it into the mug with the coffee powder in it, I could then add oats to the remaining water, and have one less thing to manoeuvre into the forward hatch with my long suffering fingers. I can see the attraction of a kettle afloat, with reduced chances of a lap full of boiling water being delivered all at once by a tipping saucepan, but on land it might work.

Michael and Don had decided that they were also going home today, but not before a Shackleton’s furthest south–style expedition to Mungo Brush, on the southern shores of the Bombah Broadwater (best said in a Sean Connery voice), the last expanse of water before the Myall River, which drains the whole lake system to Port Stephens, and the Tasman Sea beyond. This would involve a glorious broad reach all the way there, and a more difficult return, but it seemed the natural and right thing to do. Having been thwarted in our attempt to reach the northern extent of the lakes at Neranie the previous day, like gas molecules bouncing around in Boyle’s box, it was our sworn duty as sailing explorers to poke into the furthest extents of our sailing grounds, lest we break the laws of thermodynamics.

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Michael was rightly concerned that our launch ramp at Korsman’s was a lee shore in today’s conditions, and sketched a plan in which we would arrive at the ramp at half hour intervals, so that there would not be a pile of boats being blown onto the shore and each other, tangling their rigging in the overhanging tree branches while we raced to get our trailers. At the same time it was acknowledged that I was going to head back, at whatever time I felt I needed to meet my schedule. I called my wife to let her know I was coming back today, and was quickly tasked with taking my youngest daughter to evening netball. Planning backwards from that constraint, I decided I needed to get the boat onto the trailer at around one in the afternoon.

I was slow to pack up camp that morning, partly because I was hoping the fly and towels might dry out a bit more before I packed them, partly because everything I did hurt my hands, and partly due to a last minute nature break at the facility–free campground. This time I was the one still on the shore as the others headed out into the lake and picked up the wind. Knowing that I did not have to camp again that night, a certain weight lifted from me as I considered the ground I would have to make up to catch them. For our last sail together, perhaps I should let them see Harry in full fettle with a glorious un–reefed mainsail? In retrospect it is obvious that I had not placed my tent far enough away from Don’s, and that over the previous two days I had been incubating some virus I had picked up from him. Luckily I had this season’s flu vaccine, which is probably the only thing that stopped me setting the tent fly and towels as stunsails on the ends of my yards, but, as it was, this micro–DON sailor would measure the last morning of his odyssey if not in DONS, then at least in milli–DONs.

While still on the beach I shook out my reefs, glad for my finger’s sake that I had chosen a larger and softer braided line for my pennants. My slab reefing setup hasn’t quite been perfected, the reefing line is not long enough to leave the hooks in the top reef cringles when the sail is full, and needed some coaxing through the blocks on the boom to release its grip on the sail. I swung on the halyard and raised the freed sail as high as it would go, going easy on the downhaul, because I could see from the other boats that the first course across Two Mile lake to Myall Shores and the car ferry was a very broad reach. Pushing off, once again the first hundred or so metres of water marked the change from almost calm conditions at the shore, to a fresh breeze out on the lake, which was enough with my restored sail area and longer hull to start closing the distance with the others. After two days of sailing fully reefed, it was all a bit of an anticlimax, an easy sail between a tree–lined bay to port and well marked shallows to starboard, with the sun shining on the water through a gap in the clouds.

When I caught up with the others just west of the car ferry, their sails were lowered, Michael rowing towards the car ferry crossing, and Don following at a distance under motor. I wasn’t quite sure what the plan was, so I followed Don past the car ferry at rest on the western bank, and around to a sheltered beach on the northeastern shore of the Bombah Broadwater, where he had pulled up onto the sand. I lowered my sail and followed him into the shallows within speaking range, but he said he was continuing on. I then noticed that Michael was under sail again, and well on his way out into the Broadwater. I raised my sail, adding a little more downhaul tension as I considered the wide expanse of water to the south, and spilled wind waiting for Don to to join me. The protective shore fell away to the north and we took up an echelon formation maybe ten to twenty metres apart, where we could admire the other boat, when we weren’t otherwise occupied with the effects of the increasing wind and waves. The Muffin was coping well with the conditions, and for a racing dinghy seemed to be keeping Don reasonably dry. The red mirror jib and gunter main were so full they looked like a parachute behind a drag car, and despite my waterline length and sail area we seemed evenly matched for speed. I took a few good looks back at the shore and the hills behind to memorise the position of the passage to Two Mile lake before it merged into the rest of the shoreline.

The conditions were not dissimilar to the previous day’s, but the speed of the broad reach and perhaps the reassuring proximity of the other boat seemed to make this journey across the Broadwater less fraught and more exhilarating, despite my lack of reefs. The lee rail was still near the waterline but with the speed comes a deep hull–length wave that overwhelms any smaller waves that would try to take advantage of the reduced freeboard to slosh aboard. About half–way across Don had tried shouting something to me, and having no idea what he was saying I nodded, smiled and did all the other things you do to be polite in such a situation. I was dealing with an increasing amount of weather helm in the large gusts that rolled across the lake,  less sudden in their onset but relentless once present, more cannon balls than bullets. What Don had been trying to tell me became apparent in one of these a minute or so later when the weather helm became irresistible and the boat headed up so quickly that the centrifugal force had me doubled forward over the centreboard case  waiting for the boat to trip over its lee gunwale and swamp, as had happened on several other boats in my younger days.

By the way, the Harry Henry has never capsized. The closest it ever came to disaster was again on Smith’s Lake nearby to the north, when I was sailing with a friend who professed sailing experience and wanted to tend the mainsheet. Shortly thereafter we were caught beam on in a squall (for a small body of water, Smith’s Lake has more than its fair share of weird weather). I remember the boat blowing sideways under a full press of canvas scooping up water like the bucket of a bulldozer, with him on his back on the lee gunwale using the mainsheet to hold himself up, and me screaming “Let it go!” repeatedly like a death–metal Queen Elsa. As soon as he did, the boat popped straight up. With that important addition to his sailing experience my friend returned the mainsheet to me without complaint and got busy bailing a considerable amount of water out of the bilge. I’ve meant to set up a practice capsize in sheltered waters several times over the years, but I’ve never got around to it.

In this case, the Ness Boat came to a stop head to (blasting) wind in the choppy waters, and I quickly realised that Don had been trying to tell me that the rudder had floated up (I have been meaning to do something about my rudder downhaul line/cleat combination for years) causing my weather helm. With a quick pull on the downhaul and a glare at the cleat, I bore away onto our original course, assisted by briefly back–winding the mainsail with some hand pressure on the end of the boom. Eventually the shoreline to port closed with our course, and we could see Michael’s boat pulled up on a beach, with a very established looking campsite complete with motorhomes and paved roads behind it. As before in these lakes, the water conditions magically dialled back towards calm winds and flat glassy clear water as we approached, even though this was not a weather shore. I nosed into the beach and assayed the Mungo Brush camp ground. The vegetation at the north end of the beach was quite different to the trip so far, with a dense rainforest canopy including palm trees. Michael pointed out a dingo with bright orange hair trotting like a boss across a nearby lawn, and a couple from the campsite came down to the beach to admire our boats.

This was a morning tea stop for Michael and Don, but aware of the time I knew I had to turn around, and head back to Korsman’s if I wanted to keep to my schedule. Rooting around in the narrow part of my starboard aft “L” compartment, I found my supply of “R” signal flags that I bought as gifts for the skippers of boats who join me on RAID–like activities, and presented one each to Michael and Don, with thanks for the invitation and their company. Handily “R” is the only letter in the International Code of Signals that has no meaning when used on its own. I propose we fix that and assign the Kenneth Grahame–esque meaning “I am Messing About in a Boat — Remain Clear” so that we can recognise each–other on the world’s waterways.

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Thinking of the conditions I had just experienced on the Broadwater, and that this would be a windward leg, I prepared for Gentleman Mode, and in a moment of gallows humour suggested to Michael that when they traced my path later that day, they keep an eye out for an overturned blue hull. Pushing off I cranked up the Tohatsu, waved farewell to Michael, Don and the camping couple, and pointed my stem at the peaks I had memorised to mark the passage to Two Mile Lake (checking just now on Google Earth, these are on the northeast shore of Boolambayte Lake above the road to Violet Hill).  The conditions rapidly deteriorated. This time I was travelling into the teeth of the wind, which itself was less of a concern with my mainsail lashed on the floorboards, but the short high chop that built up with (checks Google Earth again) less than three kilometres of fetch was ridiculous. In the Broadwater proper every fifth wave or so would pitch the Tohatsu up out of the water causing the motor to race and the boat to slow down, accompanied with a flying lap–full of spray. If it got any worse I worried that it might take so long to cross the Broadwater that I’d run out of fuel and I’d need to run away to the western shore under sail, because I would have great difficulty leaning out to refuel the motor in the rapidly pitching boat, and rowing would be futile. After a few minutes of this, I shifted my seating position from the little motorbike seat on the rear of the centreboard case, to the rear buoyancy tanks to sink the propeller a few centimetres lower in the water. This seemed to solve both the motor and the spray problem, although the front of the boat was spending so much time in the air I suspected it would look like one continuous wheelie from the shore.  For a longer term solution I should really adjust the shape of the outboard bracket, which was designed for the British Seagull and should be a little smaller and lower for the current motor.

Slowly I closed with the marker posts leading to the passage, and details of the northern shore became distinct. The chop faded away although the wind remained, and even allowing for relative motion was certainly much stronger than it had been when we passed through earlier. I rounded the last marker into the narrow channel, and crossed the ferry which again was stationary on the west bank — my epic crossing of the Bombah Broadwater having taken about half an hour. I exchanged a friendly wave with a fisherman on the eastern shore, and checked my fuel level through the transparent side of the exposed fuel tank. I had painted the fuel tank black, and masked a strip on the boat side of the tank so that I could see the level, but as it turned out the paint was not fuel–proof, and had started to slough off the tank anyway, making my masking unnecessary. I had expected to almost be out of fuel, and was surprised to see about two thirds remaining, so I continued, rounding a reedy promontory (reeds!) for a final dash along the channel markers of Two Mile Lake. It was windy but the chop was small. Nearing the previous night’s campsite, I turned westward towards Korsman’s, the engine picking up speed as the mizzen enjoyed a last beam reach and helped to push me on towards the stretch of water we had started on two days earlier.

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Approaching the ramp my thoughts turned towards recovering the boat onto the trailer, and Michael’s concerns from the morning. I have a healthy respect for the perils of a lee shore —  a year previously I had held the Ness Boat bucking in a two metre surf at Abrahams’ Bosom beach on the South Coast, arranging a crew to help get it back on a trailer. On another occasion I had sat through my sister’s birthday lunch at Doyle’s in sopping wet casual clothes, with my daughters in hysterics because my dear mother had insisted that my family arrive in Harry Henry, (some much loved Henry cousins were attending from interstate) and with a big swell running into Watson’s Bay that day, my only option was to drop everyone on the beach, anchor off and swim ashore.

With all this in mind, I motored up to a guest mooring in the shelter of Professor’s cove opposite the ramp, shut down the engine and proceeded to unship the masts, which is a reasonably straight forward thing to do in a boat with no standing rigging. The boat gets a little more twitchy with the mast down, and stepping around it once it’s in the boat takes a bit of Twister–like planning, but five minutes later I was able to unmoor and sedately motor over to the ramp, where I cut the outboard and glided into a tiny cove under the she–oaks, a few metres to the south of the ramp. I walked through the now deserted campsite to the trailer parking area, and was relieved to find the car and trailer there. Settling into the driver’s seat with arrays of technological bling in front of me was surprisingly surreal, and I mused on why this was so on my way back to the ramp. Getting the boat back on to the trailer I discovered that between the cove and the ramp there is an area of very soft mud just before the rocks that make up the ramp, so consider yourself warned. Packing up the boat was slow with my damaged fingers. I had huge quantities of fresh water left over in my containers, so after removing the bung from the boat I rinsed the sails and interior with their contents. I threw all my dry bags in the back of the Forester, secured everything that moved, and piled a supply of snacks on the passenger seat. Eventually it was done, so I took a moment to take in the wind rushing through the leaves overhead, the stretch of water at the end of the ramp, put on my 21st century face and got into the car.

When I got back to Bulahdelah, I was not quite ready for the Pacific Highway, so I took a turn down the hill to the Myall River to check out the houseboat hire business, another place I had spent my entire life going past, but never visiting. To reassure myself that this wasn’t an immediate betrayal of the sailing–camping ethos, I told myself that this would only be used as a support vessel for a future RAID mission, an idea that had briefly been discussed with Michael and Don. I arrived at the same time as a suburban couple, and soon afterwards the crusty master mariner owner of the business introduced himself, and offered a tour of the boats. They were nice boats as houseboats go, (I do wish you could still hire cabin sail boats on the lakes) but my main concern was how they would go in the sorts of conditions I had just experienced. This line of questioning encouraged the master mariner, who started talking about the draft suitable for the Myall Lakes (0.5m), the thickness of the fibreglass hull (50mm), the unbelievably stupid things some of the hirers had done, (ask me at the pub) and the apocalyptic survival conditions he had sailed the houseboats through on an improbable number of occasions. I would like to apologise to that couple, who probably started as potential hirers, but I think were increasingly appalled, and I would not be surprised if their holiday plans changed to an extended stay at Lightning Ridge, or some other location a long way from any large bodies of water. After that I drove back to Sydney with a stop for fuel and the F1 cafe at Warnervale services, Sydney traffic, and a windy but entertaining night netball game, which my daughter’s team won convincingly. I got a text message from Michael saying they had made the ramp at around five in the afternoon. They had started beating across the Broadwater, but so much water was coming aboard that they swapped to motors. The following day was spent drying and airing, doing a wash, and revising my dream boat plans from my home office sofa.

One day there will be a shallow draft trailerable motor sailer, with a cozy Halvorsen–like back deck for reading books in an anchorage with my wife, (that’s her sort of sailing) but, in the meantime, I have finished Roger Barnes’ book, (excellent and somewhat less terrifying than Margaret Dye’s) and have a list of improvements to try on Harry. Following the example of Michael and Don, I’ve been wondering just how much of a boat you really need to do this, as something that didn’t need a launching ramp would be a great relief around Sydney, where ramp rage is a leading cause of sailing stress. For the purposes of further experiment, I have a few of Michael Storer’s smaller boat plans, Iain Oughtred’s Auk plans and a pile of Gaboon plywood in the workshop.

This time, I won’t wait almost a quarter of a century to take whatever comes out of the workshop camping. As Michael said in his galvanising Facebook invitation for the trip: “Go small, go simple, go now”. I did.

 

Video By Michael Smith

Myall Lakes Sailing and Camping — Day Two

I woke up — success! At least I had been able to sleep and have one or two odd dreams that didn’t involve being in a tent. It was still dark, but the birds started to stir and, as soon as it was light, I got dressed and set about getting breakfast: porridge with fruit salad and another coffee sachet. Michael and I went off with some money to try and find the deposit box for our camping fees, but it wasn’t where Michael had seen it before. I had read a Google review for the Neranie camp site (our next destination at the head of the main lake) that suggested that Rangers came around to collect fees, so we supposed that they might turn up, but we didn’t see one while we were there. The weather had not improved. In fact, the forecast said that the strong winds were starting earlier than expected. We discussed trying to sort out Don’s rig but eventually decided that Don would stay at Shelly Beach while Michael and I would try to head on to Neranie. If the conditions were not good we would come back and we would all head downwind to find a spot on one of the smaller lakes.

Food and cooking equipment went back through the Tupperware–unfriendly forward hatch, and I basically reversed the previous evening’s camp setup process, with the modification of leaving the wet tent fly of the Nighthawk Black Angel II Ubertent out of the dry bag. Michael and I pushed out into the suspiciously calm water, waved farewell to Don and set out north towards Long Point, behind which the rest of the main lake waited.

Neranie is the northernmost point of Myall Lake. I actually went to school for a few months (long, true story, involving my not meeting Dr Who actor, Tom Baker) at Bungwahl Public School, only a few hundred metres from Neranie, but at the time Neranie was a private water–ski park, and so my family used to drive past it on the way to Seal Rocks without ever seeing the lake from the road. It is now part of the Myall Lakes National Park and Michael (and incidentally my cousin originally from Bungwahl who I saw earlier today) assured me it is a wonderful place. With the wind from that direction it would be a safe anchorage, if we could get there.

As before the wind came back a hundred metres or so from the shore, and gradually built in intensity. Within a few minutes it was back to the conditions of the previous afternoon (this was at about nine am) but, as we approached the point, the chop continued to build. Bullets (bursts of intense wind) started to hit the boat, so that with the mainsheet loose and the fully reefed sail flat, weathercocked and humming, the boat still heeled over so that the lee gunwale was within inches of the water, despite my hiking out. Michael was father out and I have no idea how he remained upright with that huge mast. I was starting to make the sort of “hrmming” noises I tend to make when I am not enjoying myself, or in fact am slightly scared.

My tiller extension was starting to work loose again so at one point between gusts I rounded up, sheeted in my mizzen and set to re–tying the lashing that connected it to the tiller. When I finished I looked for Michael and saw him reaching back towards the camp site we had left. I knew he was very keen to make it to Neranie and worried for a moment that he had taken my rounding up as a sign that I was heading back, which I hadn’t intended, but actually was very relieved to do. I bore away to follow him and continued to have a scary time for a few minutes, until I reached the more sheltered conditions in the lee of Long Point. As it turned out, Michael with his decades of experience sailing the lake, had decided to head back himself, so I’m glad it was a mutual decision. Looking at the topographic map now, I notice that there is a low saddle in the hill behind Long Point Bay, which may have been funnelling those concentrated bullets of wind down at us on the water. We closed with the camp, surprising Don who had settled in expecting to spend another day and night there, so Michael set up for tea while Don packed up camp in preparation for a downwind run to our lunch site the previous day, where I could look for my EPIRB.

Iain
The designer in his native habitat

My boat is a Ness Boat, one of the earlier Scottish whaleboat–inspired beach boat designs of the famous wooden boat designer Iain Oughtred, a longtime resident of Skye in Scotland, but native to my own hometown of Sydney. Robert Ayliffe, founder of Duck Flat Wooden Boats, encouraged me to consider the design when I asked about a boat suitable for beach camping. The sloping forefoot was suitable for beaching on unknown shores. It was a sea-kindly shape designed to carry terrified men and whale blubber around the North Sea, and the yawl rig looked suitable for stringing up a ridge pole for a tent between the masts. It was a lot of boat for a first project, but Robert’s “bite off more than you can chew, then chew like crazy” motto got me over the hump. I studied the plans, bought tools, went to woodworking classes to learn how to sharpen said tools, then set off with an empty boat trailer and my mother on new year’s day 1996 for one of Duck Flat’s boat building summer schools in South Australia, both of us still reeling from the funeral of my grandmother the previous day.

Build Montage Part One

The summer school was wonderful therapy and we departed a fortnight later with a recognisable hull on a building frame on a trailer, towed by my mighty 1.3 litre Holden (really Suzuki) Barina. We made it back to Sydney before the boat, which was retrieved on a separate, Australia Day weekend, trip to Naranderra with my then new girlfriend now wife, as that’s where the NRMA had been putting a new axle and wheel on the trailer, the previous wheel having departed at speed on the original return trip.

Build Montage Part Two

The boat followed various house moves, marriage and the birth of our two daughters, who spent their formative years believing it to be a thing that sat in the carport for them to recline in while they ate their lunch. The nob on the end of the tiller was an off-cut I retrieved from a fishing trawler being built in a yard at Macduff Scotland on a holiday. Finally it was launched into the waters of Hen and Chicken Bay in 2004, named Harry Henry for my grandfather, whose family originally hailed from Macduff.

Many years later I was reading Nic Compton’s beautiful coffee table book biography of Iain Oughtred. At one point Iain talks about the rig choices of the beach boats and says that after drawing yawl rigs like mine for many years he had an epiphany in a sloop rigged beach boat when he realised it handled perfectly well when stopped head to wind to put in a reef, something that had always been considered an advantage of the mizzen sail–equipped yawl rig. He went on to say that he now prefers the sloop–rigged boats.

I had certainly taken advantage of the mizzen–as–park–brake to fix my tiller extension twice in the past day, but I have perfected another mizzen–only technique that had possibly not occurred to an uber–competent sailor such as Iain (artistic license here: it is an article of faith that Iain is omniscient in all things boat–related). It is, in fact, a technique only a card–carrying member of the live coward’s club such as I would consider leveraging in polite sailing company: behold, “Gentleman Mode”.

I told Michael and Don that I’d head off early because they’d probably catch up with me. I then lashed my mainsail firmly in the bottom of the boat, loosened the snotter on the mizzen sail to give it a bit of downwind power, put the outboard down ready for action and pushed off again into the calm water over the beautiful sandy shallows of Shelly Beach. I barely had any way on the boat, and almost drifted into some trees off where the other boats were pulled up, before a puff of wind got me moving away from the land. Again, as I moved away from the land, the wind and waves built up, but this time all I had in its way was my mizzen: a baby windsurfer sail in the back of the boat. Within minutes I was at full hull speed (double enders don’t plane) with a train of waves running off either side in my wake, completely in control and running back down towards the passage leading to Violet Hill. Normally, I’m a little uncomfortable running because of the danger of an unexpected gybe, but if the mizzen gybes, all that happens is that there’s a muffled thump, and I look around to see if the sheet needs to be trimmed. In heavy weather downwind it’s like having a very powerful, silent outboard, except that it emits a kind of mental radiation that makes you feel scandalously smug.

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Gentleman Mode as viewed through a Smug–O–Scope

I was already a kilometre or so out when Michael and Don launched. I was rather concerned for Don, as he was going to be sailing downwind and the fullness of his sail meant he was going to have a lot of power to deal with. They were clearly gaining on me but only got into clear visual range as we approached the mouth of the passage. Michael had warned me not to cut the eastern channel marker as it really did get shallow in there. I kept looking around to count the sails, in case Don disappeared and I had to start the motor to head back and effect a rescue. At some point he was going to have to gybe to make the channel and in those conditions I wasn’t sure the Muffin would survive. In the event, I wasn’t looking when he gybed, and he pulled it off with aplomb. In his honour I think we should introduce a unit of measure for RAID ballsiness: gybing a hybrid sailing dinghy assembled on the ramp the day before, that only goes downwind in over twenty–five knots of wind and a steep chop, carrying your camping gear and outboard while suffering from some form of influenza = 1 DON. If you want to know what constitutes a BARNES (ten DONS) or a DYE (one hundred DONS) just read their books…

With some more attention to the mizzen sheet I can reach in Gentleman Mode, so I aimed for each channel marker, waited to see its colour, and passed on the correct side, although coming off the huge lake into the narrow passage you have to remind yourself that you’re still heading towards the sea, not away from it. As we moved into the shelter of Violet Hill, the mizzen was no longer enough, and the other two boats passed me, with their rigs able to keep them moving with the puffs that made it past the hill. I knew that when we came out of the wind–shadow we would be back in the wind and, as I was still a bit loathe to repeat my experience earlier that morning, I started the outboard.

I originally had a British Seagull motor which, despite being an old thing with barely a thread or two holding the flywheel on the crankshaft, absolutely looked the part for a wannabee work boat. Eventually I bought a Tohatsu, which is a great motor, but looked far too modern. Recently, for the first time, it had experienced starting problems, so the previous Sunday I had taken off the covers, replaced the spark plug and checked the carburettor. I realised that, without the covers, the Tohatsu looked like a black Seagull, with the advantage that I could visually see the fuel level and whether or not the carburettor was flooded, so I decided to leave the covers off.

Now with the others sailing ahead I thought I’d give the newly retro–look outboard a good run, so I continued in Gentleman Mode past Violet Hill. I wasn’t quite paying attention to where the others were heading and realised that I was up the bay to the west, past the entrance to Boolambayte Creek, so I corrected my course and followed the others into the creek, pulling up in the spot I had used the day before. We looked around the lunch tables and in the water (the EPIRB floats) but couldn’t see it anywhere. Later reviewing Michaels’ video of our arrival at the creek on the previous day I confirmed the EPIRB was no longer on my arm, so it must have gone overboard: maybe it got caught on the tiller during a tack. After the morning’s excitement I felt like something hot for lunch, so I put some two minute noodles together with a Continental cup–a–soup, and wound up with something so salty that it probably took a year off my life. I washed it down with a bottle of diet soft drink, which didn’t really help to get rid of the saltiness. Getting back into the boat, accustomed to the accomodating sandy bottom of my Shelly Beach mooring, I stepped off one of the afforementioned slippery tree roots and discovered there was nothing to stand on even a few centimetres into the creek. Luckily my embarrasing scrabble for purchase on the foredeck of my boat was obscured from the others by a screen of trees.

Heading out again, I nosed into the reeds on the windward side of the creek to raise sail, because I’d seen the others doing that the previous day, and it seemed a very Arthur Ransome thing to do, reeds being rare around the waterways of Sydney. I decided to put my main back up but in deference to the conditions I slid the downhaul back on the boom as a way to put more of the sail in front of the mast, because I’d noticed in the past that this made gybes a lot gentler. Off we set, the wind pushing us along the thin section of Boolambayte Lake where we had launched our boats the previous day. On the whole, I must have been having fun, because I had no regrets as we passed the launch ramp and headed on south towards the entrance of Two Mile Lake. However, rounding the point into the lake (Michael’s notes on the map say this is the best lake for prawns), the apparent wind picked up again and, to get to the new campsite on the eastern shore, I had to work to windward again.

There wasn’t enough fetch for a chop to build up but the wind was really hammering, occasionally as bad as the morning’s attempt on Neranie. It would have been okay, but I seemed to be tacking back and forth making very little progress towards the shore and getting frazzled by the gusts. I didn’t see how the others did it (I assume Don motored) but it took what seemed like ages to get up into the glassy sheltered water off the campsite. Again, learning more about the rig with these longer tacks I now suspect that sliding the downhaul back reduces the already low aspect ratio of the reefed sail (the yard lowers as the boom goes forward) to the point where it can barely work to windward. I’ll have to try sliding it a bit more forward the next time I’m working to windward and see if it makes any difference.

Frazzled Arrival Photos By Michael Smith

The campsite had a single beach just big enough for the three boats side by side, although my boat is a lot heavier and was not pulled up as far as the others. There were some small trees not much taller than our masts lining the shore. At the back of the beach there were a few low bushes with sandy paths on either side, and behind them were some campsites between some tall gum trees. This was a less established camp site than the last one, with no toilet and no grass. The ground was sand and tree bark with, as we quickly discovered, a disappointing amount of broken glass, particularly around the fireplace. As a child I had got my first stitches by stepping out of a canoe onto a broken beer bottle at Smiths Lake (the same beach where I had picked up the stick for my previous tiller extension) so it was a strictly shoes–on (or at least thongs, that’s flip–flops for you Cruising Dinghy Association people and jandals for your NZ equivalents) campsite for me.

I did a careful scan of the tree branches around the camp to see if any looked dodgy in case the wind came up in the night, but they seemed to be okay. Considering that there was a National Parks sign proclaiming this as a campsite, I supposed that the Rangers would have to give a cursory check of the trees every now and then, given the litigious nature of modern society. Putting those thoughts aside, I considered the ground where my Beverly Hills RoboCop Lethal Untouchable 3000 would be pitched, a reasonably flat bit of sand with a small anthill and large tunnel in the middle of it. I had spotted a few bull ants as I walked around, so I was particularly happy that I had the ground sheet with me, because it gave me a sand and ant free area to work on. This time the tent went up quickly, and I paid attention to the direction the fly guy ropes went so that there was a lot more tension in the head–to–toe direction to keep the fly off the inner tent. The other improvement on the previous night’s arrangements was to keep almost all of the dry bags outside the inner tent under the eaves of the fly for more room to sleep. I figured that they’re sealed and nothing is going to crawl into them, particularly if they don’t contain food. I found that I could use towels and yesterday’s shirt to brush the sand out of the tent and then off the groundsheet, so I wasn’t going to have a problem with a sandy sleeping bag.

Transfering the water, food and cooking equipment from the boat I realised that my programmer’s hands were not holding up very well to the sailing camping lifestyle. One of my nails was split and others were either bloody or sunburnt. Opening the hatch catches (my own design, a hardwood tongue held in place with rubber bands) was normally not a problem, but this time it was quite painful. I heated up a tin of soup and picked at other bits and pieces. When I returned the food to the boat I left my water container in the camp chair to save carrying it back up from the boat in the morning, and to hold the chair down in case the wind came up during the night.

Michael had checked the weather report, and with conditions looking like they were going to deteriorate even further overnight, reasoned that it might not be worth camping another night after this one. I was feeling like I had already learned a lot, and felt that I may need a day to recover and dry everything out when I got back to Sydney before going back to work. My daughter was also starting her HSC exams on Thursday and I thought it would be good to get back earlier, so that if anything alarming happened, it didn’t happen on the day before her exam. All this (and the state of my hands) considered, I said that I’d aim to get back on the trailer at lunchtime the following day. Michael and Don weren’t going to make up their minds just yet and would see what the weather was like in the morning.

Day Two Camp Site

This evening was more social, and discussions ranged from reverse–engineering land yachts and what to do when your farm produces more food than you can possibly eat, to whitewater rafting on the Nymbodia River — apparently where Don honed his high scoring DON abilities — and island properties. Michael told me about some of the historical research he’d done into Nelson Bay’s WWII defences and local Aboriginal dreamtime stories recorded by earlier settlers. He also showed Don and me a tiny “Flying Duck” orchid growing in the sand right there in the camp that looked like a wasp, and that reacted to touch by springing upside down to cover a real wasp trying to mate with it with its pollen.

This evening was more comfortable despite the weather, which got more emphatically wet. I was startled at first by the noise my newly taut fly made when large drops of rain concentrated by the branches overhead drummed on the fabric, but the mind is impressive in its ability to tune these things out and I didn’t need much of the news (I still had excellent mobile Internet here) to put me to sleep.

Thanks again to Mark Walker for the edit. Continue reading with Day Three.

Myall Lakes Sailing and Camping — Day One

I had set an early alarm, taken a shower, and hooked the already loaded boat to the car late on Saturday night after arriving home from my daughter’s birthday dinner, so there was little to do on Sunday morning but get dressed, leave the perfectly warm and dry house, and gingerly step across the newly laid and very soggy turf in our front yard to the waiting car.

There was plenty of rather wet rain, sock–like early morning overcast darkness and very little traffic, as I drove across the Harbour Bridge, which always seems to be a slightly magical and quite wrong thing to be doing when trailing a boat. For the first time in my life I missed the entrance to the Lane Cove tunnel and found myself on Epping Road, so I took the opportunity to stop at a deserted bus stop and secure something that was flapping in the wind and drizzle before I got to the freeway.

This turned out to take longer than expected due to a crash at Berowra which, according to many warning signs had closed said freeway, so I took the old Pacific Highway past the “Pie in the Sky” cafe (which I had completely forgotten about since the freeway was built), all the way to the north shore of the Hawkesbury River. My main game at this point was trying to pick the right adjective to describe the nature of the rain to my fellow RAIDers (who had driven down from Northern NSW with their boats the day before) when I arrived at the boat ramp, presumably quite late, in a few hours time. I decided on “teeming” over “driven” because the latter seems to have a more horizontal quality to it (discuss). It was certainly spectacular on the old Pacific Highway’s curling descent to the Hawkesbury, where the roadside embankment seemed to be one continuous, dreamlike and quite un-Australian waterfall.

The rain remained either teeming or torrential all the way to the Warnervale services where I donned my Bourke oilskins for the only time on the entire trip (I am sinfully proud of them for their Sydney–to–Hobart chic but I suspect I look a little like a pervert when I wear them with shorts because they’re long enough to cover them completely) and exchanged mumbled “nice day for it”–type pleasantries with a truckie, as I waded across the car park to Maccas. I had intended to go to the F1 cafe because their breakfasts are very satisfying, but there was a queue and I was running late. As I approached Hexham the weather and daylight improved rapidly, with a few hopeful glimpses of blue sky in the far distance, and the boat got a chance to dry out slightly as I made up the remaining distance to Bulahdelah and the Myall Lakes.

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The road into the National Park followed the edge of a gum forest on the left and a series of water–logged paddocks bordering the Myall River on the right, all witnessed by the occasional huddle of cows and one or two black faced wallabies. I took the turn to Korsman’s camp ground, crawling along at slow speed behind the last few children left over from the school holidays, until they meandered off the road and shortly thereafter found myself at a launch ramp with two men, one dinghy and glints of sunlight on the water through the trees, about twenty minutes after the designated launch time of nine am.

The dinghy was Don’s, who declined to shake my hand because he was suffering from quite a bad cold. He was having some trouble setting his rig up, because, as it turned out, he had only bought the boat (a Puffin) on Gumtree the day before — sight unseen — and was now trying to marry an old Mirror rig he’d had lying around to it (does this make it a Muffin?). Given the amount of trepidation and planning I had put into getting ready for the trip (it had taken almost a quarter of a century from when I first built the boat for beach camping, to today when I finally got around to doing it), I don’t think I could quite keep the look of shock off my face, but he happily coughed and fiddled away at the boom and sail sagging into his cockpit, so I started rigging my boat.

Michael, the instigator of the trip and — quite literally — the man who drew the boating map of the Myall Lakes, had already launched his boat, which I couldn’t quite make out down on the edge of the water. It turned out to be a compact and beamy fibreglass dinghy with a towering mast and white mainsail which I think he said later came out of a land yacht. He was keen to go but was interested in my boat (I think he thought the mizzen was a bit complicated) and, speaking from experience, suggested a few things to check or secure as I set up.

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The path down to the ramp had many overhanging she–oak branches, but none low enough to interfere with my masts. The launching ramp was made up of loose, fist sized gravel, and looked over a stretch of river maybe two hundred metres wide, bordered by reed banks. The wind was reasonably fresh and, being a professional coward, I sensibly reefed my mainsail down to its smallest possible size. There was a jetty with an aluminium ladder, sort of nailed onto its front face like a totem pole, which although I don’t think it would have taken any weight, was useful for spotting the launching ramp later on. Don took the painter of the Harry Henry (my boat, details to follow later) and secured it to the end of the jetty, while I drove the car back to the trailer parking spot at the other end of the campsite. When I got back, I managed to transfer to the boat off the jetty without falling in, start the motor and scoot out into the middle of the river, where I set the motor to idle, got my life jacket and EPIRB on, raised the sails, and finally stopped and secured the outboard.

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Photo by Michael Smith

Right. After all the faffing about —I’m here. First impressions were that the wind wasn’t too scary at the moment, it wasn’t raining but it looked like a shower was quite possible, and I was very aware that every compartment of the boat (it had many, because beach camping) was crammed full of fuel, water and dry bags stuffed with food, clothes, tents and sleeping gear. At this point at the start of the trip, the pressure to get all this cargo safely to our first campsite weighed heavily on me. I could see Michael’s sail up the passage to windward, while Don was still in the process of launching, so I started sailing up and down trying to keep in sight of both of them. A few minutes later when Don launched, he seemed to be reaching back and forth between the launch ramp and the bay opposite but not coming upwind. I dropped down to see if he was okay, and indeed he was unable to get enough tension in his rig to work to windward. He had an outboard and insisted I go on, but I did hang back until I saw him motoring up towards me. 

I hadn’t seen where Michael had got to in the meantime, but I continued to work to windward in the slightly flukey winds in the lee of some taller ground. Eventually I realised that he had pulled up on the opposite bank and that Don had joined him there. I wasn’t in a rush to join them because I thought we were going on, but as it turned out, there was a necessary confab to discuss our upcoming lunch stop at Boolambayte Creek, and I was delaying things. With that sorted out we continued around the corner into the top of Boolambayte Lake, with Don towing Michael under motor and me following in their wake. 

A line of reeds coming out from the north shore marks the entrance to the creek. There are many overhanging branches so I cut my motor and went in behind Don and Michael under oar power. This was quite a fun challenge, as there were snags in the water and branches to get the mast around, and with a combination of quick oar work, craning of the neck and weight shifting to weave the mast Millennium Falcon–like through the overhanging branches, I was able to make it to the site of our lunch halt. I found one of those uniquely Myall Lake–ian mooring spots to pull up, where the bank is held up by tree roots (mainly paper bark in this creek)  that act as little slippery jetties next to the boat that, if you’re careful, give you access to the land. The ground was spongy like a modern children’s playground foam, and the trodden paths had knee–high sweeps of dense dark green grass (sassafras?) that curled, wave like, over the path from each side, and took some effort to push through. The lunch site had two concrete tables, and for the first time, I contemplated what to eat, and the logistics of getting food and cooking gear out of the hatches in the boat.

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Photo by Michael Smith

The previous week I had taken the forward hatch of the boat — a “glove box” style opening in the bulkhead next to the mast — to the local IGA, so that I could buy some Tupperware to fit through the opening. I got some large boxes that fitted nicely, but at the last moment got some smaller boxes that had more compartments in them as well. I had two drawstring bags, and put one large and two small Tupperware containers in each bag. One bag was sweet, and one was savoury. The annoying thing was that the two smaller containers were slightly too large to fit through the hatch together, so I had to always take one of the small containers out of the bag before I could get it in or out of the hatch. I think I had some Saladas with chilli tuna and some diet soft drink for lunch. Over the course of the trip eating happened more quickly and less memorably than I expected, because every meal was top and tail–ed by a lot of logistics that I generally wanted to be over and done with.

Both Don and Michael had set up burners and made some warm food. Don was preparing his food separately from us to stay gluten free, and I became quite aware of how glutenous my Salada lunch was. A rain shower came through, and at some point  we realised that Michael’s boat was now drifting across the creek, which was a surprise given how sheltered it was in there (when reviewing this chapter, Michael gently pointed out that Don tied that knot). I ducked back to my boat and performed a reasonably competent rescue mission under oars, so hopefully some of the earlier delays and trails of glutenous crumbs were forgiven.

Michael was obviously so impressed by this that after lunch he asked me to tow him out of the creek under motor. I tied his painter (quite short) around my boom-kin and tried to get under way, but with no way on the boat I couldn’t steer with my rudder, and, with another boat on a short painter tied to my stern, I found that no amount of turning the outboard could direct either boat. The whole assembly accelerated towards some snags, and before I could snap a mast or break a partner (things which have happened before) I hit the kill switch on the motor, getting away with a mild creak of protest from the partner as the mast contacted some branches and it all came to a stop. Michael agreed that it would be a bit less stressful to get out of the creek without the motor. I think this is also the point that Don, following behind, managed to chew up a bit of the Muffin’s rudder with his propeller, so this probably counts as the high water mark for outboard antics over the course of the trip.

Back out in the fresh winds at the top of Lake Boolambayte we raised sail and set out for Violet Hill. I fell behind while fixing up my tiller extension, which was coming loose, but caught up with the others in the lee of Violet Hill, which cast a huge wind shadow over the eastern parts of the lake. Given how windy it was everywhere else, I think this would be a good place to ride out really bad weather as there is a substantial island that also protects it from the south. We cranked up the motors again with Don towing Michael. I recently added a scarf into my tiller to lengthen it and replaced an old stick I’d picked up to use as a tiller extension (just a few kilometres north at Smiths Lake many years ago) with a carbon–fibre tail–boom from a crashed drone. It’s all actually about 50mm too long now (when I tack I can’t quite fit it behind me and it has to go over my head) but one of the nice things it lets me do is stand up in light conditions or under outboard power, a welcome relief from sitting down for hours at a time. From this standing position it’s a bit ungainly to duck back and adjust the engine speed, so every now and then, when I got a bit close to the rest of the convoy, I’d zig or zag to drop back to a comfortable distance.

We passed trains of ducks, black swans, Violet Hill launch ramp and the camp ground, which despite spending almost all my childhood holidays nearby I’d never visited. We also saw the only other sailboat of the trip at this point, a large fibreglass trailer sailer with a cabin (slight envy) that was motoring in the same direction as us, towards the south end of the big lake.

Not far past Violet Hill the passage sweeps around to the left, bringing the main lake into view. The wind was coming straight down the lake with extreme (20+ knots) prejudice and lines of foam stretching into the distance upwind clearly indicated the wind direction. Michael was raising his sails while Don continued to motor to windward, so I cut the motor and raised the main, still with the deepest available reef and following Michael Storer’s (a boat designer friend and balanced lug rig expert) advice about heavy weather sailing, possibly the most severe application of six–part–purchase downhaul I’ve ever applied to my main. Our first few tacks kept us clear of the shallows on either side of the channel markers and eventually I settled on a long starboard tack across the foot of the lake towards an island which appeared to not be that far away. 

There was some chop with a bit of spray coming aboard every now and then, but the boat was scooting along and felt controllable. With his towering and un–reefed rig Michael was pointing higher than I was, and he moved further and further to windward while I continued at slightly higher speed but a lower angle. Gradually the scale of the main lake dawned on me as that tack continued for what must have been about twenty or so minutes. I consulted the boating map that Michael had sent as a PDF which I had printed out, put in a waterproof map wallet and attached to the rudder downhaul line. The Sea to Summit medium case guide map wallet was apparently not at all waterproof, and it was interesting to see how the different coloured inks diffused at different rates through the wet paper. Eventually, when I could make out the individual trees and the shoreline of the island, I went about and started a long port tack towards the distant eastern shore of the lake, with Michael a long way to windward.

In Sydney Harbour where I sail most of the time, I don’t get much of a chance to do long tacks and feel out the boat’s performance, but here I was starting to get a better sense of when I was pinching and losing power. Initially this was as I subconsciously tried to follow Michael’s wake, but once he became a distant triangle of white to windward, it was more when I noticed the power fade and the boat balance become more “sloshy” in the chop. Bearing away, the power came back, I could lean comfortably back into the windward gunwale, with my foot braced against the centreboard case, and slice through the waves with plenty of tiller authority. The handy lines of foam, marking the wind direction like a sea of grid paper in a life–sized instructional sailing diagram, gave me confidence that I was still making good progress to windward, just not at the rate Michael could do with his high aspect ratio rig.

That first tack was as close as I got to the western shore of the main lake, which Michael had warned was shallower and had more rocks. My remaining tacks favoured the eastern shore where there was less fetch for the waves, and where the shoreline wasn’t too distant in order to make out where the Shelly Beach campsite (and presumably Don) was located in the endless line of trees. Looking to windward I can remember the north end of the lake under low, dark grey clouds, which always seemed to be threatening heavy rain that never quite seemed to eventuate. Finally I caught up with the other two boats which were pulled up under some trees on the shoreline. As I closed with the shore, the wind fell away to a calm with clear glassy water over a sandy bottom. I was able to drop the sail and row into another of those amazing Myall Lakes anchorages exactly the size of my boat, between a pair of paperbark trees. Looking back out across the lake to the rain–wrapped hills, there was almost no indication that there was any sort of wind or waves on the water, so consider yourself warned. Looking up between the paperbark trees there was a cleared, tree–bordered grassy area, with a line of deserted camp sites marked out with stumpy wooden posts.

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Given that I was a long sail, boat pack up, and short drive away from the nearest motel, my job was now to construct a small house, furnish it with bedding, make a wholesome dinner, and get enough rest through a rainy night to do it all again tomorrow. Michael and Don were already hard at work, stopping only to warn me that they snored (as do I), so I started popping hatches and hauling the various treasures from a shopping spree at Ray’s Outdoors the previous weekend up to the next unoccupied camp site.

My boat has seven separate hatches (because camping) with four of them covering “L” shaped compartments. These compartments can hold one big thing, and a small thing stuffed into the small part of the “L”, because that was the shape of the seats they sit behind. In the forward port side “L” I had my ground sheet stuffed into the small bit, with the tent and camping chair in the main section enclosed in a large dry bag. The ground sheet was a 10×12 foot heavy–duty tarp, which I spread out on the campsite silver side up. The tent was a compact and light two person hiking tent, with an unmemorable name that sounded like a mashup of all the 80s action movie titles I could think of. I hadn’t opened it since its purchase, which was possibly unwise, but if Don could do that with his boat and rig I suppose I could just consider it my own milder attempt to live on the edge. The tent was shaped like a broad, trapezoidal coffin, the inner part being a mosquito net upper and waterproof base, supported by magnetic snap–together pole arches which I found quite impressively 21st century. I would have liked to play with them more but it could start to rain at any point so I attached the arches to the inner and spread the fly out over the top, fussed around, realised it was the wrong way around, and had it all pegged down a few minutes later. I’d brought a heavy hammer from my home workshop for the pegs, but found I could push them easily into the sand by hand. 

The forward starboard “L” had an inflatable mattress and pillow in a small dry bag stuffed into the small part of the compartment, and a down sleeping bag in a big dry bag in the main part. No expense had been spared on the mattress, because the main reason I don’t camp is that I can’t get comfortable enough to sleep properly. It had a multi-cell design and a super clever bag that allows you to inflate the mattress in two or three breaths using a venturi effect. It’s so impressive that when the sales guy demonstrated it to me the other customer waiting for him with her son in tow, gasped audibly in amazement. The bean–shaped inflatable pillow took a similar number of breaths to inflate. Another trip to retrieve clothing, a head lamp and books in more dry bags from the boat, setting up the camp chair, and I was ready to weather the night in my impregnable fabric Air Wolf Thunder Dome Tent–a–Tron.

I went through the task of getting the food and cooking equipment out of the forward buoyancy compartment as I had at lunch, only this time it was more annoying. I also brought up one of the two ten–litre water containers from the centre forward hatch. I realised around this point that I did not know where my EPIRB was, and, mentally reviewing the day, realised I did not have it after lunch and may have left it at Boolambayte Creek. Bugger. Michael was already relaxing in a fully set up camp, enjoying some coffee wine that he had made. He kindly offered me some but it was apparently very strong, and I am a cheap drunk, so I declined. Pretty much everything Michael ate on the trip he’d prepared himself, even the beef was from his farm. He has a dehumidifier at home and carried compact, sealable plastic bags of various meals that he could make up by simply adding boiling water. I munched on liquorice and biscuits while I cooked a tin of chilli con carne from IGA on my fuel stove that I had bought as I was building the boat. This was its first camping trip — only two decades later. I also filled the kettle and used one of my all–in–one coffee sachets to make a coffee. The food hit the spot, but as I was washing up without soap, the chilli oil stuck around for the next few uses of the saucepan and cutlery. So if you’re doing wash–up–lite I’d recommend less oily tinned food early in the trip.

Michael mentioned that keeping food in your tent was not a good idea as bush rats, goannas (I knew from my holidays that they could get pretty big up here) and dingoes, had been known to chew through bags and tents to get at food they could smell. I figured that 9mm marine ply would keep them out a while, so I carried all the food back down to the boat, put it in some of the now empty “L” compartments and secured the hatches. It was getting dark and Don announced he was retiring to try and get over his cold. I was also quite tired, from a series of late nights leading up to the trip, so I also announced I was going to bed. Michael reminded me that fourteen hours can be a long time in a tent, but I thought it would be less logistically difficult to transfer to the tent while it wasn’t raining, and I wanted to find out early if there was anything I needed to fix.

The tent fly had large eaves on either side, so I put empty dry bags under the eaves and tucked in the ground sheet around them, so that if it rained torrentially overnight it wouldn’t turn into a kiddie pool with the tent in the middle. The remaining dry bags I kept around me inside the tent. I changed into my pyjamas (quite hard without standing room) and tried to get comfortable, with more success than previous camping trips, but that is a pretty low bar to be starting from. Good as it was, the mattress wasn’t quite thick enough to stop my shoulder digging into the ground. I think my sleeping position didn’t help, because I normally use my knee to stabilise myself and it was confined in the sleeping bag. The mattress also squeaked loudly as it rubbed against the sleeping bag and tent base. Michael showed me, at some point on the trip, a pillowcase that he made for his inflatable mattress that stops this from happening. In retrospect, I think the best scheme for me would have been to take a sheet and wrap the mattress in that, then unzip the sleeping bag and use it as a quilt. Having my pillow from home and not having had a coffee with dinner might also have helped me nod off more quickly. 

I had brought paperbacks of Herreshoff’s Compleat Cruiser and the first Peter Grant novel, but couldn’t quite set up the head lamp for comfortable reading. An omnidirectional overhead lamp would have been better for that. Surprisingly, my phone had four bars and plenty of charge, which seemed a bit wrong after voyaging into the wilds, but the illuminated screen was much easier to read in this situation, so I did my usual rounds of the New York Times, ABC News, Financial Review, Washington Post and the Guardian apps. I should have bought something to read on Kindle, or headphones for podcasts (Michael says that he watches movies). At times I’d try to lie still trying not to translate every rustle and noise into a pack of bush rats riding goannas hoping to lick chilli oil off my face. At other times it rained, and, although I could hear wind high in the trees, it didn’t find its way down to the tent with any force. At some point in the night the wet fly over my head came into contact with the top of the inner tent and stuck to it, although no water seemed to make it any further than that.

Thanks to Mark Walker for some much–needed copy editing. Continue reading with Day Two.

What is the motivation for aircraft “trimming”?

First answered on Quora May 6 2018.

Yesterday afternoon while practicing circuits in a Citabria for my tailwheel endorsement I went to put the carburettor heat on to start my descent, keeping my eyes outside like a good stick and rudder pilot to make sure I didn’t drop the nose on my turn to base — and instead pulled back on the nearby elevator trim which is pretty direct in a Citabria. The next thing I knew I was squished in my seat with the horizon nowhere in sight. Immediately realising what I’d done I wrestled the nose back down to somewhere more reasonable, accompanied by a few choice invectives. The instructor laughed and said “I’m glad you did that, another student did that a few months ago but on short final (i.e. much closer to the ground) and came close to stalling onto the runway — now you’ll remember”.

The point of this slightly embarrassing anecdote is that control forces in a non fly-by-wire aircraft are a lot more powerful than you might expect from experience with a simulator or game. In fact when first learning to fly I often asked whether or not the instructor was on the controls with me. Where constantly holding a bit of pressure on the elevator or rudder to keep going where you want to go in a simulator is quite possible indefinitely, in a real plane it can quickly get exhausting and demand a lot of attention, as well as making it quite difficult to use equipment or write something down.

Correctly trimmed an aircraft like the Citabria really will fly itself. When taking off, after the aircraft wants to fly I’ll pull back on the stick and line up the top of the engine cowling with the horizon, glance at the airspeed to see that it’s around 70 knots and keeping my right hand on the stick to hold the sight picture, briefly take my left hand off the throttle and slide the elevator trim lever until I feel no force on my hand from the stick. At that point I can take my hands off the stick and the aircraft will happily continue to climb out with no input from me, and most importantly the airspeed will be very stable and not require much attention. I usually do a little “jazz hands” moment for the instructor in the back to show that things are trimmed out nicely.

In an extreme scenario if I tried to take off with the elevator trim stuck full forward or backward it would take almost all my focus and strength to keep the plane in the attitude and speed I wanted, and I think my arms would start to tire in less than a minute. More normally, flying without trimming is considered bad airmanship because there’s plenty of better things to focus your attention on than wrestling the controls.

Elevator is the most important trim control because of its tight relationship with airspeed. Aileron and rudder trim are also a thing but in the light singles I fly I almost never touch them, except perhaps on long cross countries when I develop a feeling that the plane wants to slowly turn one way or the other. In a multi engined aircraft rudder trim becomes critical for engine out scenarios.

Picture from Tailwheel fun in a Citabria showing (top to bottom) throttle, carburettor heat and elevator trim.

What are key, major principles in aerodynamics, explained in layman’s terms?

Originally answered on Quora on March 18, 2016.

This answer is an expanded version of my presentation “Falling With Style: An Intuitive Introduction to Aerodynamics, With Bricks” from Skepticamp Sydney 2012. I’m assuming that it’s ok to introduce new terms, as long as I explain them in layman’s terms first. I’ve marked the key, major principles in italics.

Consider a typical house brick brought into existence for our amusement a few hundred kilometres above the Earth’s surface, outside the atmosphere. It immediately starts falling due to its weight, one of the four key forces considered in aerodynamics. The brick will fall faster and faster until it hits something – above the Earth the first thing it will hit is the atmosphere.

The gas molecules hitting the front of the brick exert a force directly opposing the direction of travel of the brick, which is proportional to the mass of the gas hitting the brick, times the square of the speed of the brick. For example, if the brick falls into a lower, denser part of the atmosphere where two gas molecules are hitting it every second instead of one, or perhaps it falls sideways intercepting twice as many molecules as it does end-on, the force doubles. However if the brick doubles its speed still hitting just one gas molecule a second it feels four times as much force trying to slow it down.

This force is called drag, the second key force of aerodynamics. As the brick approaches the lower, thicker parts of the atmosphere its weight remains the same, but the drag increases until it balances the weight, and the brick settles at a speed called the terminal velocity. According to my flight simulator this is about 250 kilometres an hour for a brick, which is the speed it’s travelling at when it hits the ground.

On my flight simulator if I look at the path through the air left by the brick it has some gentle wiggles in it where it seems to have travelled slightly sideways instead of straight down. Looking closely at the replay it seems that this happens when the brick is oriented at a small angle to the onrushing wind – the brick is deflecting some gas molecules to the sides, and when more of them are deflected to (say) the north, the brick ends up going a bit south. The force an object can generate at right angles to its direction of travel through the air is our third key force (and the most important and interesting one), lift.

Like drag, lift is proportional to the mass of gas hitting our brick times the square of the speed, so you’d think with all this air hitting brick surfaces at speed there should be plenty of lift. However the reason that the wiggles in our flight path are so small is that lift is very sensitive to the shape of the object and the angle at which it’s hitting the air, and in the case of a brick, the shape is absolutely rubbish for generating lift. Or to be more precise, it’s rubbish for generating lift without generating even more drag.

You don’t get something for nothing – lift always goes hand in hand with drag. What we need to escape our vertical plummet from space is a shape that gets lots of lift for very little drag, something with a higher lift-to-drag ratio (L/D). If you had a shape that could generate 10kg of lift for a 1kg increase in drag, you’d have a L/D of 10, and by one of those very elegant and pleasing bits of universe maths you’d find that for every metre of height that you lost, you could glide 10 metres sideways at a constant speed. The drag caused by generating lift is called “induced” drag (the drag we have to have), and the original drag that slowed us down to terminal velocity is called “parasite” drag (the drag we try to get rid off with streamlining). In the case of our brick we have oodles of both, and our L/D will be way less than 1 – getting us a very steep and not particularly recognisable “glide”.

Imagine that we can transform our brick back to clay, squish it into a shape (keeping all the bits and the same total weight), and then bake it back into brick form. Suppose at one point we arrived at a streamlined shape like a paper dart but with very short, stubby wings. The leading edge of the wings are rounded and the trailing edge of the wings are sharp, so that if we sliced through the wing it would have a teardrop cross-section, perhaps eight times longer than it was wide.

Firstly while falling vertically and not trying to generate lift we’d find that we had reduced parasite drag a lot through streamlining, and consequently our terminal velocity would be somewhat higher – not too much, because the drag increases a lot more with speed than it decreases by not hitting the air head-on (which is what streamlining is basically about).

More excitingly we’d find that we had a L/D above one which allowed us to descend at an angle of less than 45 degrees at a constant speed. However as we lifted the nose to try and extend our glide (did I mention this was a radio-controlled brick? More about changing direction below) we’d find that we slowed down very quickly. As we slow down the angle our brick-dart nose is raised into the oncoming air (called the angle-of-attack or AoA) to keep generating enough lift will rise rapidly, and with it the induced drag, slowing us down even more. Eventually at perhaps 30 degrees on our dart the air would suddenly give up trying to follow the shape in a way that generated lift, and our dart would “stall” – essentially returning to sideways-falling-brick mode with no lift until the nose could be lowered to an AoA small enough to start generating lift again. If we’re not high enough when this happens to recover our speed and AoA, or we can’t bring ourselves to counter-intuitively lower our nose while falling we’re going to hit the ground – like a brick.

If this sounds dangerous it is – for hypothetical bricks, and real aircraft. Far, far too many aircraft and people are lost in tragic accidents involving stalls – recent examples include Air France 447 and (as far as I can tell from the video footage) the recent ATR72 crash in Taipei. It’s deeply frustrating to the aviation community because so much pilot training is devoted to avoiding, recognising and recovering from stalls (or even worse “spins”, where one side of the airplane stalls before the other) and yet it still happens.

Back to moulding our brick. As we stretched out the wings to each side to pass through more air, all other things being equal we’d find our L/D increasing – it turns out that for lift it’s more efficient to deflect a lot of air a little bit, than it is to deflect a little bit of air a lot. At a L/D of 4.5 we’d have something similar to the Space Shuttle Orbiter, the world’s most awesome one hundred ton glider. On the way back from space the wings are initially used at high AoA for massive induced drag to slow down from orbital velocity while the lift is used to aim at the destination. Approaching the runway the Orbiter needs to descend in a steep dive to maintain speed, but critically the L/D is high enough that when the Orbiter flares (levels out almost parallel to the ground a few seconds before touchdown) and starts decelerating from the increasing drag it has enough time to get it its wheels on the ground before it runs out of lift.

The same will apply to our brick – if we dive at the ground to keep our speed up and time our flare just right, we can arrive on the runway at a low enough descent rate to skitter across the numbers without shattering and slide along the tarmac, eventually scraping to a stop in a shower of brick dust. How much room we need to stop depends on how fast we’re going when we land. Ideally we’d like this to be as slow as possible to use shorter runways and scrape less clay off our undersides each time we arrive somewhere.  The slowest speed we can fly at is the speed at which our brick stalls, but we can’t work this out using just the L/D.

Our brick is currently shaped like the Space Shuttle, but it’s still solid clay and not much larger than an unmodified brick. It is going to have a stall speed well over 100 kilometres per hour and probably need a few hundred metres of runway to stop. Lets say we make it hollow, and keeping the shape and total weight, scale it up so that it’s maybe a metre long. There is a lot more surface area hitting gas molecules to create lift and drag, and we’d find that our stall speed was much lower, because each patch of wing surface has much less weight to generate matching lift to support. The amount of weight supported by each patch of the wing surface is called the wing loading, and it’s measured in kilograms per square metre or pounds per square foot.

Hang gliders and paragliders have low wing loadings around 2-3 pounds per square foot because they’re foot launched and the stall speed has to be below a human’s maximum running speed for launch and landing. Typical light aircraft have wing loadings around 10 pounds per square foot, stall at freeway speeds and can comfortably operate from runways 600-900m long. Jet airliners have wing loadings up to 90 pounds per square foot, stall at racing car speeds and need runways over 1500m long.

One of the funny things about wing loading is that it doesn’t affect L/D. If you have a L/D of 10 then you can glide a kilometre from a 100m height. If your wing loading increases because you’re carrying more weight, then you can still glide a kilometre from a 100m height, you just do it faster.

Why don’t all aircraft have giant wings then, so that they can land on a dime? Well, firstly wings are heavy, and secondly if you want to go fast those big wings will cause a lot of drag (which increases with the square of the speed, remember). This is one of the challenges of aircraft design: aircraft with big differences between the stall and maximum speeds are hard to design.

One of the ways designers get aircraft to do both is to have a wing that can change its cross-sectional shape. Remember our thin teardrop? If we get it to arch its back so that it looks more like a comma, we find that the amount of lift (towards the “stretched” side of the comma) and drag it generates increases, all other things being equal.  This is called camber, and most aircraft wing shapes have some built in. Furthermore, by hinging the thin tip of the teardrop and moving it down and up with cables or motors we can respectively increase and decrease the lift of the wing, partly due to changes in camber and partly because (if you imagine a line from the front of the teardrop to the deflected pointy end) you can see that the AoA has also been changed by the deflection, and as noted earlier AoA determines the amount of lift generated.

Flaps are sections of the back of a wing that are deflected down during landing and takeoff to increase the lift of the section of wing they’re attached to. With the lift comes increased drag, which is actually useful for landing because it lowers the L/D, which allows you to come in at a steeper angle (to clear a line of trees, say) without speeding up, and then to come to a stop more quickly on the ground. Because of the increased drag full flap is usually used only for landing.

Flaps are only one of hinged “control surfaces” that you find on the pointy, trailing edge of a wing. Further out on the wings of a typical aircraft you’ll find a pair of surfaces called ailerons that act in opposition (one down, one up) to change the lift of the wings, rolling the aircraft to the left and right.

By the way you’ll always find the flaps closer to the centre of the aircraft than the ailerons, because when they’re deflected they increase the AoA of their bit of the wing, which means that if the wing stalls, the flapped bit of the wing will stall first. If you’re going to loose a chunk of lift suddenly (think of a person jumping off a see-saw) you don’t want it to happen out at the tips of the wings, because that would cause a sudden violent roll towards the wing that lost the lift – the pilot might try to pick up the falling wing with the aileron, which would increase the AoA and stall that wing even more, setting things up for a spin…

This is the wonderful thing about aircraft design – it’s the ultimate form-follows-function style of engineering, and everything is the way it is for a very good reason.

On the horizontal tail you’ll find the elevator, which increases and decreases the lift of the tail to pitch the nose of the aircraft down and up. On a dart shaped aircraft like our brick with no separate tail, the responsibility of the aileron and elevator controls are shared by a pair of “elevons” that move together to control pitch and in opposite directions to control roll.

Finally on the vertical tail fin you’ll find the rudder, which is used to move the nose of the aircraft left and right,  but perhaps counter-intuitively not to make large changes in direction. This is done by rolling the aircraft in the direction we want to turn, so that the much larger lift force generated by the wings can be used to start moving us in that direction. The rudder is used more to balance out the drag caused by aileron deflections; pick up a falling wing safely if we’re near a stall, and when we need to fly a bit sideways (landing in a crosswind or impressing people with some aerobatics).

Let’s reshape our brick to look like a light aircraft (L/D around 10) and add all the control surfaces we’ve just talked about. Now lets adjust how it’s hollowed out so that the tail is very heavy, so that if we were to hang it from a string attached to a point somewhere behind the wing it would balance in a level attitude. This point is called the centre of gravity (CoG). If we drop this brick we’ll find that despite everything else we’ve done it just falls backwards or tumbles out of the sky. If we move the CoG to say half way between the front and back of the wing we might find that we can only just control the plane but it’s very twitchy, unstable, and tiring to fly, although perhaps if we had a computer to help us react quickly it would make a very agile aircraft. When the CoG moved to about a quarter of the way from the front to the back of the wing we’d find the plane much more stable, but as we moved the CoG further forward we’d find it hard to raise the nose using the elevator, and eventually we wouldn’t have enough control authority to stop it diving nose-first to earth, like our original brick.

Balance is critical to an aircraft. All aircraft have an allowable range of positions for the CoG, which has to be preserved throughout each flight. Variable weights like fuel, cargo, crew and passengers need to be positioned close to the front of the wing, because like a person standing on the middle of a see-saw they don’t affect the balance point as much when they jump on or off. This is why fuel storage in wings is so popular, and in classic record-breaking single seat aircraft the pilot sat behind the fuel tank further from the wing, the designer assuming that if the pilot was no longer in his seat there was not much point trying to balance the plane any more. The range is very narrow for aircraft with narrow wings (e.g. Gliders) or small/no tails (flying wings) and bigger with broad wings and large tails further back from the wings (e.g. military transports). Aircraft that depend on agility such as fighter jets are now designed with CoGs so far aft that they cannot be flown without computer support.

If we keep refining our brick to minimise drag we’ll wind up with something looking like a graceful, high performance glider, with a L/D of 50:1 (yes, from 100m you could glide 5km, which is incredible). If you could find some hills or mountains with some wind blowing over them, or on a hot day spot a circling hawk in a rising bubble of warm air you could find yourself gliding downwards through air rising faster than you are descending, and you could stay airborne for hours, climb to great heights and travel hundreds of kilometres. But unless you can land back on a hill with room to take off, at some point you are going to be stuck sitting on the runway with no-one to push you.

I have deliberately held back from talking about the fourth and final key force, thrust, because as you can see there’s a lot of interesting aerodynamics stuff going on without it. Basically we can use thrust to augment or cancel out any of the other forces to make our aircraft go where we want it to go, but most commonly it is used to counter it’s arch enemy, drag.

Consider our high performance glider brick. It’s almost flying level, so let’s raise the nose and try to fly level. Because there is still a tiny bit of drag we will start to decelerate, and eventually we will suffer the same fate as our stubby dart and stall, but probably minutes instead of seconds from now, and at a lower AoA around 16 degrees, which is typical for most aircraft with proper recognisable wings. If we could just grab hold of some passing air and throw it backwards we might be able to push ourselves forward to counter the drag and keep flying for ever.

A propeller is really just a wing flying around in a circle, generating lift and drag. The drag is trying to stop the propeller turning, so we use the power of an engine to keep it going. The lift is trying to pull the propeller off its shaft, so we attach it firmly to the engine, attach the engine to our aircraft and the lift becomes thrust to pull our aircraft along in the direction of the propeller shaft. The tips of the propeller are travelling a lot faster than the parts closer to the shaft, in fact the inner 25% or so of the propeller is going so slowly that it generates very little lift and is often covered in a streamlined “spinner” to reduce drag. Each part of the propeller is optimised to meet the oncoming air at an AoA that gets the best L/D, which is how propellers get their beautifully sculpted and twisted shapes, first worked out by the Wright brothers. Aircraft with a wide speed range normally have propeller blade angles that can be mechanically adjusted, for much the same reason that a car has gears – lots of power at low speeds for takeoff, and the ability to cruise without over-revving the engine. At lower speeds the radius of the propeller is important too – big propellers are more efficient at lower speeds, the ultimate example being a helicopter rotor. This is why the Mythbusters (thankfully) couldn’t get airborne in that terrible twin-ducted-fan deathtrap in an early series, when there are perfectly ok ultralight helicopters getting airborne using the same engine they were using.

Thrust can also be delivered by jet turbines and rockets. Both are terrifically light and powerful, but also rather expensive, and in the case of rockets, scary.

Efficient aircraft with high L/D need very little power to remain airborne, which is why record breaking long range and human powered aircraft look like gliders – the first to save fuel, and the second because people make really, really terrible aircraft engines. Any excess thrust left over from resisting drag can be used to accelerate the aircraft or make it climb higher. As the L/D gets worse we need more and more power to stay airborne, to the point where we arrive back at our original brick hanging underneath a helicopter rotor and going wherever it damn well pleases.

That’s a first draft – if people are interested I can add some more diagrams and pictures. Happy to accept corrections and comments.

Would an airplane take off if it were on a conveyor belt going the opposite direction?

Originally answered on Quora on December 7 2016.

The conveyor belt essentially doubles the rotation speed of the wheels. In the case of the 747 the max rated tyre speed is 204 knots:

Exceeding Tire Speed Rating During Takeoff

And a typical takeoff speed is 155 knots:

Ask Us – Airliner Takeoff Speeds

In still air on the conveyor belt the wheels will be rotating at 2 x 155 knots = 310 knots, which is 106 knots faster than the max rated tyre speed. We need to reduce the ground speed to 204 knots / 2 = 102 knots, so we will need a 155 – 102 = 53 knot headwind to get our required 155 knot airspeed for takeoff. Presumably a person creating a runway-sized conveyor belt will have no problem sourcing a giant fan to create this headwind on demand…

Why are the tips of some airplane wings bent upward?

Originally answered on Quora on April 28 2015.

Longer, thinner wings are more efficient, but the further the wing extends outwards,the more bending is experienced at the wing root as the wing lifts, and the heavier the wing root has to be built to counter this bending. If we can make the wing act as if it is longer without increasing the bending at the root, we wouldn’t have to make the root stronger and heavier.

Without the winglet (the sticky-up bit), as other people have mentioned the high pressure air on the bottom of the wing leaks around the wingtip to the top of the wing, reducing the lift on the top of the wingtip and leaving a swirling vortex of air behind the wingtip. Looking at the wingtip in the photo from in front of the plane this vortex would be travelling in a clockwise direction, centred on the wing tip.

The winglet is attached in an upwards direction from the wingtip and designed so that it is trying to lift inwards towards the viewer sitting in the aircraft (if you think of the aircraft as a skier, and the winglets as skis, the winglets are being used to do a “snow plough”). There is higher pressure air on the far side of the winglet and low pressure air on the near side of the winglet. Like the main wingtip, the tip of the winglet has a clockwise vortex trailing behind it, proportionally smaller than the main wingtip vortex but centred higher, at the tip of the winglet. In your imagination If you superimpose the two vortices on each other you will see them running into each other half way up the winglet, like two wheels turning the same direction whose tyres are touching each other. Like the rubbing tyre surfaces, the winglet vortex pushes against the air sneaking around the wingtip from the bottom of the wing, which has the effect of “unwinding” the main vortex slightly, convincing the air near the wing tip that the wing is longer than it actually is and increasing the efficiency of the wing near the tip.

Because the winglet is trying to fly inwards towards the fuselage it compresses the wing towards the fuselage but does not increase the bending moment about the wing root, which is what would have happened if we’d added more wing instead of a winglet. This means the root does not need  beefing up to handle more bending and can be built lighter. If you hold your arms out to the side with your palms facing outwards, this is the difference at your shoulder between two people trying to lift you up by your wrists, or pushing your palms towards your head with the same force.

Birds have already solved this problem, but wing root bending moments aren’t their main worry. If efficiency was the only aim all birds would have long wings like an albatross, however manoeuvrability and fitting between obstacles is a conflicting evolutionary pressure, particularly for birds of prey. The wide spread out pinion feathers or “fingers” on the tips of the wings of eagles, hawks, kites etc each have their own discrete wingtip vortices which interfere with each other to reduce the loss of efficiency near the tip. This allows them to have shorter wings while still retaining most of the efficiency required to soar long distances or hover over a field looking for lunch.

This answer is based on an explanation on pages 133-134 of The Design of the Aeroplane by D Stinton 1983. The analogies are my own.

How is the Cessna 172 propeller capable of producing forward motion? It seems rather small, and most of the propeller blade is blocked by the fuselage. Is there something I’m missing?

Originally answered on Quora on June 19 2018

As other answers have pointed out the propeller is a rotating wing. Like a wing, the lift it produces is proportional to the square of the speed it is traveling through the air, so if you compare a section of the propeller near the hub with a section twice as far away from the hub, the section further out will be traveling twice as fast through the air, and produce four times as much lift as the inner section.

The upshot of this summed over all the sections of the propeller blade is that the inner 25% or so of the propeller radius is contributing almost nothing to the thrust (i.e. forward pointing lift) of the propeller. The outer 75% radius is 15/16 ~ 94% of the area of the disc swept by the propeller and is largely unobstructed by the engine cowling, although the standard cowling in the picture above still contributes a fair bit of drag. A popular modification to many light aircraft is a Lopresti cowl, which apart from adding a few knots of airspeed is a beautifully sculpted thing to look at:

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What was the world’s ugliest aircraft of all time?

Originally answered on Quora on 26 April 2015.

I wasn’t going to answer this question, but when I saw the other answers targeted an uncannily accurate selection of my own favourite aircraft I thought I should explain my own criteria for what makes an aircraft ugly before I offered up a candidate.

More than any other machine, the form of an aircraft follows its function. Every curve of the surface, thickness of a spar or shape of a bolt is the way it is because it is lighter, stronger, safer, less draggy, easier to build and operate than any available alternative at the time. There are some exceptions to this rule such as the swept tail on Cessna light aircraft [1] but even in that case you could argue that increasing sales by 30% improved the function of the aircraft for Cessna, if not the owners of the aircraft.

Looking at an aircraft without an idea of what the designers were trying to achieve is like reading every second word in a poem. Let’s look at the B&V141 nominated by Bradley Peterson:

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The Luftwaffe[2] was after a light observation aircraft at a time where practical helicopters were still some way off. The asymmetric arrangement of the crew compartment to the right of the engine gave incredible visibility for the pilot and observer, and the engine position was cleverly chosen to balance the torque of the propeller, making it an easy aircraft to fly. Asymmetry is very unusual in an aircraft but I don’t believe it equates automatically with ugliness. The B&V (and its close cousin in asymmetric and glazed cockpit window looks the Millenium Falcon) both have a surprising lopsided, powerful grace:

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If you can’t quite find a love of asymmetry in aviation in your heart at this point, here is Burt Rutan’s Boomerang:

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Is this ugly? For me, it’s near the top of my list of the most beautiful aircraft ever built – it is to the aeronautical engineer’s art what the Shakespeare Sonnets are to poetry. If you still think it’s ugly, would it help if I said it has a hugely greater range and speed, and is much, much safer in the event of a single engine failure [3] when compared to conventional twins of the same size?

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Brian Sanderson’s nomination of the Transavia Airtruk hit close to home for me – I first saw it at an airshow in 1977 as a child and was absolutely entranced. I dreamed for years of using it as a minature cargo plane with a motorbike stored onboard to get into town from whatever airport I’d flown in to. As an agricultural aircraft the Airtruk is designed for crash survivability, and has a huge hopper under the pilot, right on the centre of gravity so that fertiliser loads don’t affect the balance. The hopper is so huge that for a while it was being marketed as a counter-insurgency military aircraft with a rear gunner sitting backwards below the pilot. And of course the two tails allow a truck to drive between them, right up to the hopper for loading, saving the ground handlers from all sorts of loading related strains and injuries and keeping them away from the propeller:

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To me the Airtruk is a symphony of constraints followed to a logical conclusion. Like the Venus de Milo it emerged out of a block of marble as all the bits that didn’t fit were chipped away.

The Beluga is intended for carrying bulky yet light airliner components around between the various Airbus factories for assembly:

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I was quite surprised to see it in the ugly list, in fact I much prefer it to the A300 airliner that it’s based on, and compared to the 747-based Dream Lifter:

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and Guppy (which Airbus previously used):

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the “bulge” seems more blended-in with the rest of the hull shape. I’m still mildly surprised that some eccentric royal family hasn’t asked Airbus to fit one out as a travelling palace with cathedral ceilings and a mezzanine, and a split level outdoor BBQ deck under the open cargo door.

As for the Storch, its extraordinary short takeoff and landing capabilities were extolled by all, including the Allies (Churchill toured the Normandy battlefields in one):

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The bulged side windows allowed the occupants to look directly down with the windows closed, a feature a lot of Alaskan bush pilots would probably like on their Supercubs. I think it has a charming, leggy blown up rubber-band-powered-model look to it.

Anyway, here’s an aircraft that is to aeronautical engineering what Vogon Poetry [4] is to prose. Ladies and Gentlemen, I present to you the CA 60:

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Count Caprioni’s nine winged, eight engined flying houseboat qualifies as an aircraft because it did leave the water briefly. It design was completely insensible to what had been learned about aeronautics at the time. It was viciously unstable and it’s only redeeming grace is that it didn’t kill the test pilot when it inevitably returned to the water in a heap after reaching the grand altitude of sixty feet [5].

I look at it and the ugliness goes deeper than the image – it was a huge waste of treasure and labour, a risk to human life and a monument to arrogance and ignorance. Had a similar level of technology and materials been used to built a flying boat more suitable to both flying and being a boat you could have built two Sikorsky S-40s (featured in the movie Flying Down to Rio, the first of many Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers outings):

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To my mind that is a beautiful aircraft.

  1. Page 82 Roskam’s Airplane War Stories, J Roskam, 2002
  2. I just wanted to acknowledge that this answer is limiting the scope of intent to the designer. If you (properly) widen the scope to consider the intent of those commissioning and operating the aircraft, any aircraft bearing a Nazi swastika is immediately, immensely ugly. The majority of restorers, replica and model builders recognise this and omit the swastika from otherwise faithful reproductions of Luftwaffe aircraft.
  3. Rutan Boomerang
  4. Vogon Poetry
  5. Page 60 The World’s Worst Aircraft, J Gilbert, 1975